14 tegn på fascisme i en kultur

– som beskrevet af Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco’s List of the 14 Common Features of Fascism

Hele opslaget linket ovenfor, men listen hér, for en sikkerheds skyld.

På dansk:

  • Traditionskulten. “Man behøver kun at se på enhver fascistisk bevægelses pensum for at opdage de store traditionalistiske tænkere. Nazistisk gnosis blev næret af traditionalistiske, synkretistiske, okkulte elementer.”

  • Afvisningen af modernisme. “Oplysningstiden, fornuftens tidsalder, ses som begyndelsen på moderne fordærv. I denne forstand kan ur-fascisme defineres som irrationalisme.”

  • Kulten for handling for handlingens skyld. “Handlingen er smuk i sig selv; den skal udføres før eller uden forudgående refleksion. Tænkning er en form for kastration.”

  • Uenighed er forræderi. “Den kritiske ånd skelner, og at skelne er et tegn på modernisme. I moderne kultur priser det videnskabelige samfund uenighed som en måde at forbedre viden på.”

  • Frygt for forskellighed. “Den første appel fra en fascistisk eller præmatur fascistisk bevægelse er en appel mod intrængerne. Dermed er ur-fascisme per definition racistisk.”

  • Appel til social frustration. “En af de mest typiske træk ved historisk fascisme var appellen til en frustreret middelklasse, en klasse, der led under økonomisk krise eller følelser af politisk ydmygelse, og som var bange for presset fra de lavere sociale grupper.”

  • Besættelsen af en sammensværgelse. “Dermed ligger i ur-fascistisk psykologi en besættelse af en sammensværgelse, muligvis en international af slagsen. Tilhængerne skal føle sig belejrede.”

  • Fjenden er både stærk og svag. “Ved kontinuerligt at ændre retorisk fokus er fjenderne på samme tid for stærke og for svage.”

  • Pacifisme er samarbejde med fjenden. “For ur-fascismen er der ingen kamp for livet, men snarere leves livet for kampen.”

  • Foragt for de svage. “Elitisme er et typisk aspekt af enhver reaktionær ideologi.”

  • Alle opdrages til at blive en helt. “I ur-fascistisk ideologi er heltemod normen. Denne heltemod-kult er tæt forbundet med dødekulten.”

  • Machismo og våbenkultur. “Machismo indebærer både foragt for kvinder og intolerance og fordømmelse af ikke-normative seksuelle vaner, fra kyskhed til homoseksualitet.”

  • Selektiv populisme. “Der er i vores fremtid en tv- eller internetpopulisme, hvor den følelsesmæssige respons fra en udvalgt gruppe borgere kan præsenteres og accepteres som Folkets Stemmer.”

  • Ur-fascisme taler nysprog. “Alle nazistiske eller fascistiske skolebøger gjorde brug af minimeret ordforråd og elementær syntaks for at begrænse midlerne til kompleks og kritisk tænkning/ræsonnement.”

På engelsk:

  • The cult of tradition. “One has only to look at the syllabus of every fascist movement to find the major traditionalist thinkers. The Nazi gnosis was nourished by traditionalist, syncretistic, occult elements.”
  • The rejection of modernism. “The Enlightenment, the Age of Reason, is seen as the beginning of modern depravity. In this sense Ur-Fascism can be defined as irrationalism.”
  • The cult of action for action’s sake. “Action being beautiful in itself, it must be taken before, or without, any previous reflection. Thinking is a form of emasculation.”
  • Disagreement is treason. “The critical spirit makes distinctions, and to distinguish is a sign of modernism. In modern culture the scientific community praises disagreement as a way to improve knowledge.”
  • Fear of difference. “The first appeal of a fascist or prematurely fascist movement is an appeal against the intruders. Thus Ur-Fascism is racist by definition.”
  • Appeal to social frustration. “One of the most typical features of the historical fascism was the appeal to a frustrated middle class, a class suffering from an economic crisis or feelings of political humiliation, and frightened by the pressure of lower social groups.”
  • The obsession with a plot. “Thus at the root of the Ur-Fascist psychology there is the obsession with a plot, possibly an international one. The followers must feel besieged.”
  • The enemy is both strong and weak. “By a continuous shifting of rhetorical focus, the enemies are at the same time too strong and too weak.”
  • Pacifism is trafficking with the enemy. “For Ur-Fascism there is no struggle for life but, rather, life is lived for struggle.”
  • Contempt for the weak. “Elitism is a typical aspect of any reactionary ideology.”
  • Everybody is educated to become a hero. “In Ur-Fascist ideology, heroism is the norm. This cult of heroism is strictly linked with the cult of death.”
  • Machismo and weaponry. “Machismo implies both disdain for women and intolerance and condemnation of nonstandard sexual habits, from chastity to homosexuality.”
  • Selective populism. “There is in our future a TV or Internet populism, in which the emotional response of a selected group of citizens can be presented and accepted as the Voice of the People.”
  • Ur-Fascism speaks Newspeak. “All the Nazi or Fascist schoolbooks made use of an impoverished vocabulary, and an elementary syntax, in order to limit the instruments for complex and critical reasoning.”

hvorfor krig?

 

The relative peace has had enormous benefits. Living standards have surged, with people living longer, healthier and more comfortable lives on average than their ancestors. In recent decades, the largest gains have come in lower-income countries. The decline in warfare has played a central role: By the start of this century, the rate at which people were dying in armed conflicts had fallen to the lowest level in recorded history, as Joshua Goldstein, Steven Pinker and other scholars have noted.

A Russian invasion of Ukraine would look like the kind of war that has been largely absent in the past 80 years and that was once common. It would involve a powerful nation setting out to expand its regional dominance by taking over a neighbor. A war like this — a voluntary war of aggression — would be a sign that Putin believed that Pax Americana was over and that the U.S., the European Union and their allies had become too weak to exact painful consequences.

New York Times, The Morning Newsletter 

 

Quora Q/A: Is Amanda Gorman the best poet the USA has?

– or does it matter?

Source: https://www.quora.com/Is-Amanda-Gorman-the-best-poet-the-USA-has/answer/Kenneth-Krabat-1

Look here, telling a story in 2017

TED talk | Using your voice is a political choice (Here she comes off as a bit too rehearsed)

Continue reading “Quora Q/A: Is Amanda Gorman the best poet the USA has?”

EU lægger sten i vejen for digitale US-spioner

– 1 persondataudnyttelses-enighed ad gangen

— inspiration: The European Parliament’s Court of Justice, re. Schrems II of July 2020 [PDF ruling]

Schrems II er…

Ja, Europa kunne ikke have, at USA’s internetfirmaer sendte persondata ud af EU, hvis de ikke under vedtagne aftaler kunne garantere for disse data. Og det kunne disse selskaber kun, hvis de befandt sig på en liste, The Privacy Shield fra 2016.

Denne liste har EUs domstol lige erklæret ugyldig. Dét er “Schrems II”-afgørelsen.

Denne afgørelse har implikationer for eks. SoMe-selskaber med servere i USA – Facebook, Google og lignende – samt hvad måske værre er: For sky-tjenester, der opbevarer “europæiske persondata” på servere i USA.

Continue reading “EU lægger sten i vejen for digitale US-spioner”

Book Expo America 2011- impressions (links)

Ebook Readers, Digital Books, Digital Content Publishing and Global Adaption of EPUB3!

from LinkedIn:

Hi everyone –

It was a busy week last week with BEA in full swing. It was great to see many of you at our meet-up on Wednesday at the Landmark Tavern. Thank you all who did attend, and for those who missed it, we’ll certainly be hosting more events soon.

Overall, the mood at BEA was very upbeat and by all accounts, most people felt this year was very active and well-attended. The switch back to three days (from last year’s truncated two day event) was also a welcome change and by all accounts it seems that many made use of the extra day on Thursday to wrap up important business. Continue reading “Book Expo America 2011- impressions (links)”

Poetic Justice. Really.

What happened to 22 young people, who trashed the home of Robert Frost, the poet.

Reading it I cried. Really.

A Case of Poetic Justice. Literally. [link]

Jay Parin, is the author of this real life story about poetic justice for 22 young people, who trashed the summer home of the famous poet Robert Frost. JP is also the author of (among many) a book about why poetry matters (in the general sense) – taking his cue from Robert Frost:

Meaning is the essence of life for humans. Well, probably for any lifeform capable of pondering its own existance… The connection between the mind’s enquiring eye and the depths of the emotional heart.

Without poetry, ie. the metaphors, which poetry is often full of, life becomes dull. Metaphors put the meaning into life through mental and emotional comparisons to other things we find meaningful. Poetry makes us stop and wonder, thereby infusing new and old with meaning – things, lifeform, emotions, observations, opinions, and all that takes place in green nature. The meaning is not necessarily embedded in poetry or in metaphors. Poetry and metaphor is just an aid to make us think. Poetry is a way. And not necessarily the road less travelled.

Before I began reading ebooks…

81 people on MobileRead forum polled about lending habits – before and after ebooks

Det er nok for tidligt at lave en tilsvarende undersøgelse i Danmark, men den er da GODT NOK interessant! (Hvis den er sand…)

64% Før jeg begyndte at læse ebøger, lånte jeg stort set aldrig bøger på biblioteket Continue reading “Before I began reading ebooks…”

Når du sætter dig for at skrive et digt

Den tidligere amerikanske “hofdigter”, Charles Simic, har nogle enkle råd, der faktisk ikke er helt tossede. De er i hvert fald nede på jorden og til at gå til.

Du ved ikke bedre end andre, er ikke den eneste, der lider, digte behøver ikke være lange, sæt ord på dine indre billeder, sig ordene højt og brug dine ører, det du skriver nu kan tage måneder og år at gøre færdig, og det fordrer arbejde at få digtet til at kunne leve uden din hjælp.

Poet Laureate Charles Simic On Writing Poetry – Poetry (Library of Congress).

Læs mere om Simic

Monsters (2010)

Sympatisk low-budget xenofobi-science fiction i lav-tempo, der fint illustrerer USAs forhold til resten af verden.

kilde: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1470827/

review: 8/10

Historien kort:

En amerikansk fotograf befinder sig i Mexico, og bliver af sin redaktør beordret til at efterspore avisejerens datter, og siden eskortere hende sikkert ud af landet. Fotografen er mere end en smule modvillig: Hér er han tæt på de fremmede livsformer, der har slået sig ned i Mexicos træbevoksede kystegne efter at være undsluppet fra en nedstyrtet NASA-sonde; skulle han ikke hellere gå på jagt efter fotos af disse frygtindgydende MONSTRE, der holder en hel verdensdel i frygt… Continue reading “Monsters (2010)”